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ISangoma siyingxenye enkulu eNingizimu Afrika, kanti amaphesenti angu-84 abantu baseNingizimu Afrika akhuluma neSangoma izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezintathu ngonyaka. Ilinganiselwa ku-200 000 iZangoma ezisebenzayo. Izangoma eziningi zingena ekuqeqesheni ngemuva “kwesifo sokuthwasa” esibizwa ngokuthi ukuthwasa.

Sekube nemizamo eyahlukene yokuhlukanisa izinyanga zase-Afrika. Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwesangoma noma umlamuleli owaqokwa okhokho, kanye nenyanga noma udokotela inyanga, osebenza kakhulu ngamakhambi nezinye izinhlobo zemithi futhi ongabizwanga. amadlozi. Izangoma eziningi (izinyanga; ubuningi beisangoma) noma izangoma nazo zingamakhambi, kanti izangoma eziningi (izinyanga) ziyabhula futhi zixhumana namadlozi.

Inhloso ye-trance states ukuxhumana namadlozi, ukuzuza umbono ongaphezu kwe-extrasensory, nokuthuthukisa amakhono angavamile. Izangoma (abesilisa noma abesifazane) zidlala izindima eziningi ezehlukene kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki emphakathini. Bahileleka ekubhuleni, ekuphulukiseni, ekuqondiseni amasiko, ekutholeni izinkomo ezilahlekile, nasekuvikeleni “amaqhawe” (Izangoma zazinikeza imithi yokuzivikela [umuthi] kubalweli benkululeko ngesikhathi semizabalazo yezombangazwe eNingizimu Afrika), kanye “nokuhogela” abathakathi, kanye nokulandisa ngomlando, isayensi yendawo yonke, kanye nezinganekwane zesiko lakhe.

Umsebenzi omkhulu weSangoma ukwelapha nokuvikela abantu emphakathini. Ukwelapha okwenziwa yisangoma kuphelele futhi kungokomfanekiso, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunqunywa izinto zamasiko. Izimbangela ezintathu ezinkulu zokugula namashwa isangoma esifuna ukubhula futhi zelaphe izifo zamadlozi, izifo ezibangelwa ukuthakathwa, nalezo ezibangelwa “ukungcola” (ukungcola okungokwesiko), njengokuya esikhathini nokuphuphunyelwa yizisu.

Imibala ebalulekile engokomfanekiso yemithi emnyama (mnyama), ebomvu (bomvu), nemhlophe (mhlophe); ukwelashwa ngemithi enjalo enemibala kuhloswe ukusungula ukulingana phakathi komuntu nendawo.

Phakathi nezinqubo zokuqalwa nokuguqulwa, kukhona ukuqedwa okungokomfanekiso kokuphikisana: ukuphila nokufa, ukukhanya nobumnyama, owesilisa nowesifazane. Imithi emnyama isetshenziselwa ukumela ubumnyama, ubusuku, ingozi, nobunzima, kanti imithi emhlophe ibhekisela empilweni, ubumsulwa, kanye nempumelelo; obomvu umbala ohlanganisayo woshintsho. Indlela yokwelapha iqala nge-detoxification (ngamandla omuthi omnyama), kulandelwa ukuguqulwa (ukusebenzisa umuthi obomvu), futhi iphethe ngokuqiniswa kweklayenti (ngomuthi omhlophe). Iningi lezazi zeSangoma (amathwasa) ligqoka okubomvu, okuwuphawu lwenqubo yoguquko eyenziwa umfundi.

ISangoma siwumzulane wemingcele nemingcele futhi sibhekana ngaphakathi kwaso indawo yomoya engaziwa yamadlozi. Isikhundla seSangoma ekugcineni komphakathi siyinhlanhla futhi siyingozi ngoba ukuthwasa kweSangoma kuba wukufa komuntu omdala kanye nokuzalwa kabusha kweSangoma esisha. Umuntu “ubizwa” ngamadlozi ngesifo sokuthwasa (ukuthwasa), enye yezingoziumkhawulo. Ukuqala komfundazwe kuyinqubo yokuphulukisa, lapho kwakhiwa khona ubuhlobo nokhokho bakhe, okuvumela ukwakheka kobuntu obusha, ukuguqula isakhamuzi esivumelana nezinkambiso zomphakathi sibe isihambi esihlola futhi sidlule imingcele emisiwe.

Ikhodi yokugqoka yeSangoma

Indlela yokugqoka yeSangoma igqamisa ukubaluleka kobudlelwane baso namadlozi. Nakuba indlela yokugqoka inqunywa izimpawu zemibala, eNingizimu Afrika alukho uhlu olungaguquki lwemishini noma ikhodi yokugqoka ethile. Nakuba kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zokugqoka, isici esisodwa sendlela yokugqoka yeZangoma eziningi ukugqokwa kwenyongo yembuzi eboshelwe ezinweleni ngemuva kwekhanda. Le nyongo iphuma embuzini eyahlatshwa ngesikhathi kuthweswa iziqu zeSangoma, kuthiwa “ibiza amadlozi”. Ezimweni eziningi, iqoqo lezimpondo zezimbuzi neziqukathi zobuhlalu ezigcwele izinhlobonhlobo zamakhambi nemithi zigqokwa entanyeni, emahlombe nasemzimbeni. Iwhisk yomsila wenkomo kanye nenduku ezinye izici ezivamile ze-regalia. Iphinifa leSangoma elisho isithunzi liyasetshenziswa uma kusinwa futhi libuye lifafazwe ngemithi ethile. ISangoma singagqoka izikhumba zembuzi ezithathwe embuzini njengemichilo enqamula esifubeni saso.

Isangoma namadlozi

Okubalulekile eSangoma ubudlelwano baso namadlozi. Ngaphandle kwalobu budlelwano obukhethekile, obuzuzwa nge-trance states, ubunikazi beSangoma bebungaphazamiseka. Izangoma zisebenza ngokwenkolo ebonisa uNkulunkulu Ophakeme ogama lakhe lihluka kuye ngokweqembu elithile. UNkulunkulu oPhezukonke uye wabizwa nangokuthi “ukhokho Omkhulu.”

UNkulunkulu oPhezukonke ufana nombono weNdaba yokuQala; igama lesiZulu elithi Nkunkulu lisho ukuthi “Owokuqala Ovelayo.” Ngakho uNkulunkulu unguMdali osekela, futhi obusa phezu kwendawo yonke, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo esusiwe emhlabeni awudalile. Amadlozi asuke ehlangene nabantu. Isangoma siyisixhumanisi esibalulekile phakathi kwezwe lenyama kanye nezwe lamadlozi.

Ukufa akubhekwa njengokuqothulwa ngokuphelele komuntu. Kunalokho, kuqondwa ukuthi umuntu “uhambile, ugodukile, ubizwe ngabantu bakubo, okungukuthi amadlozi. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamadlozi, owokuqala owafa ongenagama wendlu yonke. Uhlobo lwesibili lwamadlozi luxhumana nenzalo yalo ngamaphupho noma ngokugula, futhi lungaletha amashwa. Laba ngokuvamile abazali abashona nogogo nomkhulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi okhokho nokhokho.

Trance states of the Sangoma

Nakuba iSangoma sisebenzisa amakhambi, siphinde zelaphe ngokwengqondo nangokomuntu. Ukuhumusha okuguquguqukayo kwengqondo, kungacabangela ukuphulukiswa nokusebenza kokwelapha kwe-trance states njengomphumela wokwehlisa ukushuba kanye nokukhululwa "kwezinto ezimbi" ngokwakha umuzwa ovuselelayo womzwelo othuthukisa ukusungula. Okuhlukanisa kakhulu udokotela wamakhambi eSangoma ukusebenzisa kweSangoma ukuphulukisa ingqondo.

ISangoma singena ezimeni zokuphupha ukuze selaphe abanye kanye naso. I-trance states ikhuluma ngomlomo, idlulisela ulwazi mayelana nezifo kanye nezindlela zokuzelapha. I-trance ithi okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokudansa, ukuphupha okucacile, nokubhula konke kuhlukile komunye nomunye. Kuthi uma kuhanjwa umoya kungene iSangoma sisadansa, amadlozi akhuluma ngaso, aveze okungenzeka ngekusasa, aveze izinto ezifihliwe, achaze amaphupho adidayo, athole nemibhalo elahlekile. Amaphupho acacile eSangoma angase abonise isitshalo esithile somuthi okufanele sisetshenziselwe isiguli, esingasivakashela ngakusasa kuphela. Ngesikhathi sokubhula, kuthungathwa umoya opholile, amadlozi “akhulume” neSangoma ngezwi elithambile.

Ama-Shaman emhlabeni wonke asebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene okufundisa ukuze aguqule isimo sawo sokwazi ukuze alethe izimo ezithile ze-trance. Ngaphandle kwezici ezinjengesimo sengqondo sombhuli, isimo, nesikhathi esikhethelwe isiko, imithi yemithi (muti) efana nesinemfu (ugwayi) ne-imphepho (isitshalo esomisiwe esithi “English everlasting”) ingasiza ekubambeni ingqondo. Amasu ahlukene angase afake noma yiziphi izinto zobuciko zamasiko ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ingubo, ubuhlalu, ukukhala, izigubhu, nezindawo ezingcwele.

Imvelo: I-Trance induction

Isimo somzimba lapho i-trance induction kwenzeka khona ngokuvamile iyisici esibalulekile. ISangoma siye saziqeqeshela ukuzuza isimo sengqondo esiguquliwe endaweni ethile, okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngesenzo sokuhlala kuleso sikhala, sibe wusizo ekufinyeleleni leyo nhloso. Ngokufanayo, amasiko athile, imikhosi, izingubo zokugqoka, ukunyakaza komzimba, ngisho nokushaya izandla kunamandla okuthinta isimo somqondo we-shaman futhi kubangele ukuzuma.

Ngike ngabona iSangoma sigila izimanga ngesenzo sokungena endlini yaso bese sibhinca indwangu emzimbeni waso. Ukuphefumula kwakhe kwashintshashintsha, nomzimba wakhe waqala ukuvevezela; inkomba yokuthi amadlozi ayesondela futhi engena emzimbeni wakhe, ukuze amsebenzise njengomsele wawo. Kungakho izimfundamakhwela (amathwasa) zisiza iSangoma imvunulo, zifake isigqoko sezimpaphe zentshe kanye newigi ngenyongo, zigoqe ubuhlalu ezingalweni nasemzimbeni, zibophe amagwebu ngenhla kwamaqakala.

Ngaphakathi komuzi weSangoma kunendawo enikelwe amadlozi futhi isetshenziswa njengendawo yokukhonzela (indumba). Ezinye zalezi yizindawo ezifundisayo. Ithempeli lihlala ekhoneni lodonga elikude kakhulu nomnyango, futhi kufanele libheke empumalanga. Izindonga zivame ukumbozwa ngezindwangu ezinephethini. Kushiswa impepho noma imphepho kulesi sikhala, kukhanyiswe ikhandlela noma isibani. Kulapho iSangoma sikhumula izicathulo, siguqe, sibize amadlozi aso sibe sishaya izandla.

Kungase futhi kube nethempeli elingaphandle, elibizwa ngokuthi i-gandelo, okungaba yisiqu sesihlahla esifile noma isihlahla esiphilayo. Lena indawo engcwele ngaphandle kwendlu ye-shaman. Lapha, angadala isimo sengqondo ngokubiza amadlozi.

I-Inducing Trances: Izigubhu nokudansa

Isigubhu siyinsimbi ebalulekile eheha imizwa. Uma uthula ulalele izigubhu kwesinye isikhathi amadlozi [amadlozi] ayakunyakazisa uhlehle.
Ngesikhathi sokudansa nokucula, okuhambisana nokushaya isigubhu, i-hyperstimulation yomzimba nengqondo iyenzeka. Ngokukhathala kanye ne-hyperventilation, ukwazi kwansuku zonke kuyashintsha, futhi "ukuvuleka" okuthile kwenzeka, ngaleyo ndlela kuvumela ukusungulwa kwe-shamanistic trance futhi kuvumela okhokho ukuthi "bangene." Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umsuka wolimi wamagama isangoma (“umbhuli” ngesiZulu) kanye nethi mungoma (“umbhuli” ngesiVenda noma ngesiTsonga) asho “isigubhu.”

Amasiko akhethekile abangela isimo sengqondo ngesikhathi sokubhula ngomlomo, okuvame ukwenzeka phambi kwethempeli elingaphakathi, indawo engcwele. Ukuze kuqalwe isiko lokubhula, kuthathwa isinemfu bese kushiswa imphepho. Izangoma zisebenzisa iqoqo lamathambo, amagobolondo nezinye izinto (njengezinhlamvu zemali, amadayisi, imbewu, amagatsha); bebonke babiza “amathambo” ekubhuleni kwabo. “Amathambo” aphonswa esikhumbeni se-impala. I-trance state ingesinye sokugxilisa ingqondo, lapho amadlozi enikeza amabika nemibono. Ukuhlakazwa “kwamathambo” kanye nesiko lokutolika elilandelako kunikeza iSangoma ulwazi ngesimo sempilo yesiguli, izinkinga zenhlalo kanye nezengqondo, kanye nekusasa laso, kanye nemithi edingekayo yokwelapha izifo kanye nenhlalakahle yengqondo. nokungalingani ngokomoya.